Xuantian Shangdi (Supreme Emperor of Dark Heaven)

The most popular legend tells of a butcher whose past life was filled with killing. One day, a sage showed him the karmic consequences of his actions. In deep remorse, the butcher cut open his own belly to remove the blood and flesh of slaughtered animals as penance.

His intestines and stomach fell into water, transforming into a snake and turtle that terrorized the people. After long spiritual cultivation, his soul achieved enlightenment and he became Xuantian Shangdi — but he must forever stand upon the snake and turtle, keeping his past sins suppressed.

This explains why his statues always show him standing on a turtle and snake — they represent his conquered past karma, not pets or mounts. The story conveys that even the gravest sins can be redeemed through genuine repentance.

A more 'orthodox' Taoist account says he was the 82nd incarnation of Laozi, who cultivated at Wudang Mountain for 42 years before ascending to godhood.

Offerings include three sacrifices, five fruits, tea, and wine. Due to the butcher legend, some temples avoid pork, using vegetarian options or chicken and fish instead. Purification water from the temple can be sprinkled for exorcism.

His 'soul-calming' rituals are considered especially effective — parents often bring frightened children, and homeowners seek blessings before moving or construction.

His birthday on the 3rd of the 3rd lunar month sees massive celebrations, especially at Songboling Shoutian Temple, attracting hundreds of thousands. Traditional rituals include fire-walking and passing under sedan chairs.